Cross Crawl

Presentation

The Cross Crawl is the most iconic and foundational exercise in the Brain Gym program, developed by Paul Dennison, Ph.D. (born 1941), as part of Educational Kinesiology in the early 1980s. A specialist educator in learning disabilities in California, Dennison observed that many children with reading, writing and coordination difficulties displayed a homolateral movement pattern (same arm and leg advancing together) rather than the natural contralateral pattern seen during normal motor development.

The Cross Crawl replicates the natural crawling movement of infancy, a crucial developmental stage during which connections between the two brain hemispheres strengthen via the corpus callosum. This bundle of nerve fibers, composed of over 200 million axons, forms the primary communication bridge between the left hemisphere (analytical, sequential, verbal) and the right hemisphere (global, spatial, intuitive). By consciously reproducing this cross-lateral movement, the Cross Crawl stimulates and strengthens these interhemispheric connections, facilitating the bilateral integration necessary for all complex learning.

This exercise belongs to the midline movements category, the first of four categories in Brain Gym's 26 movements. It is systematically included in the PACE protocol (Positive, Active, Clear, Energetic), corresponding to the letter "A" (Active).

Creator: Paul Dennison, Ph.D. (1941–), founder of Educational Kinesiology, California, USA

Fundamental Principles

The Cross Crawl rests on several interconnected neurophysiological and developmental principles. The first is crossed laterality: the human nervous system is organized so that each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body (pyramidal tract decussation). When the left hand touches the right knee, the right hemisphere commands the left arm while the left hemisphere lifts the right leg, forcing both hemispheres to work in concert.

The second principle concerns corpus callosum integration. This commissural structure is essential for coordinating functions of both hemispheres. The Cross Crawl stimulates myelination and activation of callosal fibers, improving the speed and efficiency of interhemispheric communication.

The third principle is ontogenetic recapitulation. The Cross Crawl reproduces the contralateral motor pattern of crawling, a key stage in psychomotor development between 6 and 12 months of age. Children who skipped or insufficiently practiced crawling may present bilateral integration difficulties that manifest later as learning disorders.

The fourth principle is vestibular and proprioceptive activation. The rhythmic, alternating movement engages the vestibular system (balance) and proprioceptive receptors (body awareness), two sensory systems fundamental to posture, spatial orientation and global motor coordination.

Technical Sheet

Full Name

Cross Crawl

Brain Gym Category

Midline Movements

Creator

Paul Dennison, Ph.D. (1981)

Target Dimension

Laterality (right-left)

Position

Standing, sitting or lying down

Recommended Duration

1 to 3 minutes (10 to 30 repetitions per side)

Target Structure

Corpus callosum, crossed pyramidal tracts

PACE Protocol

Step "A" (Active)

Minimum Age

From 3 years (with playful adaptation)

Equipment Required

None

Main Indications

• Reading difficulties and dyslexia: improved bilateral eye tracking and phonological decoding
• Writing disorders and dysgraphia: eye-hand coordination and midline crossing
• Gross and fine motor coordination difficulties
• Attention disorders with or without hyperactivity (ADD/ADHD)
• Spatial organization and left-right orientation difficulties
• Academic readiness preparation in young children
• Mental fatigue and decreased concentration in adults
• Cognitive recovery after mild traumatic brain injury (complementary)
• Cognitive function maintenance in the elderly
• Exam or important presentation preparation

Session Procedure

A session integrating the Cross Crawl follows several structured steps. The practitioner begins with a pre-test: asking the patient to walk in place while observing their natural pattern. A homolateral pattern (right arm and right leg advancing together) indicates unilateral dominance that particularly justifies the exercise. The practitioner may also use a kinesiological muscle test to evaluate baseline bilateral integration.

Next, the practitioner demonstrates homolateral walking (same arm, same leg) for 30 seconds to establish a baseline and allow the nervous system to "feel" the difference between the two patterns.

The Cross Crawl itself is then executed: standing, the patient raises the right knee and touches it with the left hand (or left elbow), then alternates with the left knee and right hand. The movement should be fluid, rhythmic, performed at a comfortable speed. The gaze is directed straight ahead, breathing is regular and deep.

Progressive variations are introduced based on level: eyes closed, touching the opposite foot behind the back, counting or alphabet recitation (dual cognitive task), musical Cross Crawl with rhythm changes. For those with limited mobility, it can be performed seated or lying down.

The session ends with a post-test identical to the pre-test, allowing the patient to immediately notice improvement in coordination and bilateral integration.

Variations and Sub-techniques

• Classic standing Cross Crawl: standard form, left hand on right knee and vice versa
• Seated Cross Crawl: adaptation for elderly or mobility-impaired persons
• Lying Cross Crawl: for guided infants or neurological rehabilitation patients
• Slow Motion Cross Crawl: very slow execution to intensify body awareness and proprioceptive integration
• Eyes-closed Cross Crawl: adds vestibular and proprioceptive components
• Dual-task Cross Crawl: combined with counting, alphabet recitation or reading aloud
• Musical Cross Crawl: performed to different rhythms for timing and audiomotor coordination
• Backward Cross Crawl: cross-lateral walking backwards, stimulates focus dimension

Contraindications

• Severe vertigo or unstabilized acute vestibular disorders
• Recent epileptic episode (within 48 hours)
• Acute knee, hip or shoulder injury preventing movement
• Diagnosed intracranial hypertension
• Extreme fatigue or malaise (adapt to seated position)
• Recent abdominal or orthopedic post-operative state (adapt position)