Functional Analysis
A systematic behavioral assessment method identifying antecedents, behaviors and consequences (ABC model) to understand and modify problematic patterns.
Presentation
Functional analysis is a behavioral assessment and conceptualization method that forms the foundation of all cognitive-behavioral interventions. Derived from B.F. Skinner's behaviorism and formalized for clinical practice by several authors (Kanfer, Saslow, Haynes), it aims to understand why a behavior persists by identifying its functional relationships with the environment.
Functional analysis goes beyond describing the problem: it identifies the maintenance mechanisms perpetuating problematic behavior. This functional understanding enables targeted, personalized interventions rather than standardized approaches.
Origins: B.F. Skinner (behavior analysis), Frederick Kanfer and George Saslow (SORKC grid), Jean Cottraux (BASIC IDEA grid in France)
Core Principles
Functional analysis rests on the ABC model (Antecedent — Behavior — Consequence) enriched by several analysis grids:
SORKC grid: Stimulus → Organism (internal variables) → Response → Kontingenz (contingency) → Consequence.
BASIC IDEA grid (Cottraux): Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognition, Interpersonal, Drugs, Expectation, Attitude.
The central principle is that all behavior persists because it is reinforced — either through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement (avoidance). Identifying these reinforcements enables effective change strategies.
Main Indications
- All CBT-treated disorders (systematic prerequisite)
- Addictions and compulsive behaviors
- Eating disorders
- Self-harm and risk behaviors
- Pathological anger and aggression
- Procrastination and avoidance
- Behavioral sleep disorders
Session Overview
Functional analysis occurs during initial therapy sessions (1-3 assessment sessions) and continues throughout treatment. The therapist uses structured clinical interviews, patient self-monitoring (recording grids, behavioral diaries) and sometimes direct observation.
For each target behavior, the therapist explores: triggering situations, associated thoughts and emotions, detailed behavior, immediate and long-term consequences, and maintaining reinforcements. The conceptualization is shared with the patient in accessible language, creating shared understanding guiding the treatment plan.
Variations and Sub-techniques
- SORKC grid (Kanfer and Saslow)
- BASIC IDEA grid (Cottraux)
- Chain analysis (DBT)
- Applied functional analysis (ABA — autism)
- Experimental functional assessment
Contraindications
- No specific contraindications as an assessment method
- Requires minimal introspection and communication capacity
- May be difficult during acute crisis (prioritize stabilization)
Medical Disclaimer
The information presented in this article is provided for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment prescription. If in doubt, always consult your physician or a qualified healthcare professional. The techniques described do not replace conventional medical treatment.